The role of CXCR4 in multiple myeloma: Cells' journey from bone marrow to beyond.

CXCR4 is a pleiotropic chemokine receptor which acts through its ligand CXCL12 to regulate diverse physiological processes. CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays a pivotal role in proliferation， invasion， dissemination and drug resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). Apart from its role in homing， CXCR4 also affects MM cell mobilization and egression out of the bone marrow (BM) which is correlated with distant organ metastasis. Aberrant CXCR4 expression pattern is associated with osteoclastogenesis and tumor growth in MM through its cross talk with various important cell signalling pathways. A deeper insight into understanding of CXCR4 mediated signalling pathways and its role in MM is essential to identify potential ther... More

AMC， Angiogenic monomuclear cells，BM， Bone marrow，BMSC， Bone marrow stromal cells，CAM-DR， Cell adhesion‐mediated drug resistance，CCR–CC， Chemokine receptor，CCX–CKR， Chemo Centryx–chemokine receptor，CD4， Cluster of differentiation 4，CL—CC， Chemokine ligand，CNS， Central nervous system，CSCs， Cancer stem cells，CTAP-III， Connective tissue-activating peptide-III，CXCL， CXC chemokine ligand，CXCR， CXC chemokine receptor，EGF， Epidermal growth factor，EMD， Extramedullary disease，EPC， Endothelial progenitor cells，EPI， Endogenous peptide inhibitor，ERK， Extracellular signal related kinase，FGF， Fibroblast growth factor，G-CSF， Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor，GPCRs， G protein-coupled chemokine receptors，HCC， Hepatocellular carcinoma，HD， Hodgkin's disease，HGF， Hepatocyte growth factor，HIF1α， Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha，HIV， Human Immunodeficiency Virus，HMGB1， High Mobility Group Box 1，HPV， Human papillomavirus，HSC， Hematopoietic stem cells，IGF， Insulin-like growth factor，JAK/STAT， Janus Kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription，JAM-A， Junctional adhesion molecule-A，JNK， Jun N-terminal kinase，MAPK， Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase，MIF， Macrophage migration inhibitory factor，MM， Multiple myeloma，MMP， Matrix metalloproteinases，MRD， Minimal residual disease，NHL， Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma，OCL， Octeoclast，OPG， Osteoprotegerin，PI3K， phosphoinositide-3 kinase，PKA， protein kinase A，PKC， Protein kinase C，PLC， Phospholipase C，Pim， Proviral Integrations of Moloney virus，RANKL， Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand，RRMM， Relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma，SFM-DR， Soluble factor mediated drug resistance，VEGF， Vascular endothelial growth factor，VHL， Von Hippel-Lindau，WHIM， Warts， Hypogammaglobulinemia， Infections， and Myelokathexis，WM， Waldenstr?m macroglobulin