Simple Summary Adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 is the only member of the adenylyl cyclase enzyme family to be inhibited by low oxygen levels. We studied the unique structure of the adenylyl cyclase 6 molecule, using computer models that draw upon known adenylyl cyclase structures. We also mutated several amino acids in that structure, to understand which of the amino acids in adenylyl cyclase 6 interact with the plant compound forskolin to activate this enzyme. We hope to use this knowledge to design a selective activator of adenylyl cyclase 6.Abstract Background: The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway, crucial for pulmonary vasodilation, is inhibited by hypoxia. Forskolin (FSK) binds allosterically to AC, stimulating AT... More
Simple Summary Adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 is the only member of the adenylyl cyclase enzyme family to be inhibited by low oxygen levels. We studied the unique structure of the adenylyl cyclase 6 molecule, using computer models that draw upon known adenylyl cyclase structures. We also mutated several amino acids in that structure, to understand which of the amino acids in adenylyl cyclase 6 interact with the plant compound forskolin to activate this enzyme. We hope to use this knowledge to design a selective activator of adenylyl cyclase 6.Abstract Background: The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway, crucial for pulmonary vasodilation, is inhibited by hypoxia. Forskolin (FSK) binds allosterically to AC, stimulating ATP catalysis. As AC6 is the primary AC isoform in the pulmonary artery, selective reactivation of AC6 could provide targeted reinstatement of hypoxic AC activity. This requires elucidation of the FSK binding site in AC6. Methods: HEK293T cells stably overexpressing AC 5, 6, or 7 were incubated in normoxia (21% O 2 ) or hypoxia (10% O 2 ) or exposed to s-nitrosocysteine (CSNO). AC activity was measured using terbium norfloxacin assay; AC6 structure built by homology modeling; ligand docking to examine FSK-interacting amino acids; roles of selected residues determined by site-directed mutagenesis; FSK-dependent cAMP generation measured in wild-type and FSK-site mutants by biosensor-based live cell assay. Results: Only AC6 is inhibited by hypoxia and nitrosylation. Homology modeling and docking revealed residues T500, N503, and S1035 interacting with FSK. Mutation of T500, N503, or S1035 decreased FSK-stimulated AC activity. FSK site mutants were not further inhibited by hypoxia or CSNO; however, mutation of any of these residues prevented AC6 activation by FSK following hypoxia or CSNO treatment. Conclusions: FSK-interacting amino acids are not involved in the hypoxic inhibition mechanism. This study provides direction to design FSK derivatives for selective activation of hypoxic AC6.
