In thylakoid membrane， each monomer of the dimeric complex of cytochrome b f is comprised of eight subunits that are both nucleus- and plastid-encoded. Proper cytochrome b f complex integration into the thylakoid membrane requires numerous regulatory factors for coordinated transport， insertion and assembly of the subunits. Although， the chloroplast-encoded cytochrome b f subunit IV (PetD) consists of three transmembrane helices， the signal and the mechanism of protein integration into the thylakoid membrane have not been identified.
In thylakoid membrane， each monomer of the dimeric complex of cytochrome b f is comprised of eight subunits that are both nucleus- and plastid-encoded. Proper cytochrome b f complex integration into the thylakoid membrane requires numerous regulatory factors for coordinated transport， insertion and assembly of the subunits. Although， the chloroplast-encoded cytochrome b f subunit IV (PetD) consists of three transmembrane helices， the signal and the mechanism of protein integration into the thylakoid membrane have not been identified.
