Effect of AcHERV-GmCSF as an Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvant.

The first identification of swine-originated influenza A/CA/04/2009 (pH1N1) as the cause of an outbreak of human influenza accelerated efforts to develop vaccines to prevent and control influenza viruses. The current norm in many countries is to prepare influenza vaccines using cell-based or egg-based killed vaccines， but it is difficult to elicit a sufficient immune response using this approach. To improve immune responses， researchers have examined the use of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants， and extensively investigated their functions as chemoattractants of immune cells and boosters of vaccine-mediated protection. Here， we evaluated the effect of Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GmCSF) as an influenza vaccine adjuvant in BALB/c mice.